BIOLOGY 162 Freshman biology for science majors
Department of Biology ( http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/biology/  ) University of Mississippi

Brought to you by Dr. Lucile McCook
Visit her homepage : http://home.olemiss.edu/~bymccook/  
spring semester 2009                      Last update: 8 May 2009
Office: 406 Shoemaker Hall                                      Office hours: 1-4 pm Mondays & Wednesdays, or by appointment
e-mail address: bymccook@olemiss.edu                 Office phone number: 662-915-5488

TO PRINT PARTS OF THIS WEBPAGE:  SELECT, COPY & PASTE INTO A WORD PROCESSING FILE

Looking for something interesting to do this summer?
--The Student Conservation Association
--Ole Miss Study Abroad:  http://www.outreach.olemiss.edu/study_abroad/

             FINAL EXAM INFO!                   LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR CHAPTERS

      LIST OF TAXA COVERED IN LECTURE      EXAM RESULTS     ANALYZE YOUR TESTS!!

            Summer Opportunities        Biology-related Careers          Scholarships

             COURSE SYLLABUS       COMPUTER RESOURCES

            Science News     Study tips     EPIDEMICS         DEEP SEA ECOSYSTEMS

Biology 162--Freshman Biology for Science Majors, 2nd semester

The first half of the semester, Dr. Parsons will cover structure and function of the major organ systems of animals, with an emphasis on human organ systems.  
The second half of the semester, Dr. McCook will focus on the amazing diversity of living things out there and the study of ecology.
I hope you will come to recognize that humans are dependent upon that diversity for the air we breathe, the food we eat, much of our building materials and fibers, our fuel.....even the clean water that we drink. 
But for many professional biologists, including myself, it is a fascination with other forms of life that led us to our careers (and to really cool hobbies).


Syllabus
    INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY for SCIENCE MAJORS    
                 BISC 162, SPRING 2009

Professors:
Dr. Glenn Parsons, Office #120 Shoemaker - phone 915-7479 (bygrp@olemiss.edu)
    office hours: ************, or by appointment
Dr. Lucile McCook, Office #406 Shoemaker - phone 915-5488 (bymccook@olemiss.edu)
    office hours: 1-4 pm Mondays and Wednesdays, or by appointment

Course website - http://www.olemiss.edu/courses/bisc162/     This is the first place you should look for any information regarding the course during the semester. Includes this syllabus, instructions for how to study and analyze your exams, and other information useful to science majors.
                                   
Textbook:  Biology, 8th edition, Solomon, Berg and Martin.  Many changes have been made to this new edition, and it is highly recommended that students get the new book.

Team Teaching: The first half of the semester will be taught by Dr. Parsons and the second half by Dr. McCook.

Attendance & Etiquette:  Your regular attendance is expected and attendance will be taken randomly.  All cell phones should be turned off before class begins.

Corequisite Lab = BISC 163: Lab Book: Biological Sciences II, BISC163, Dr. Gail Stratton    
Prerequisites for BISC 162: Grade of A, B or C in BISC 160.

Biology Majors and Minors: The Department of Biology requires a final grade of C or better in all Biology Courses used to satisfy requirements for your degree.  

Daily study sessions are led by a Biology Graduate Student (Matt Pearson). They occur every Monday thru Thursday evening from 6-7:30 pm in the Stockard-Martin lobby (except when Dr. Lago or Dr. McCook lead study sessions, which they will do periodically).
       
Testing:  There will be three regular semester exams (50 questions each) and a final exam (100 questions), for a semester total of 250 questions.
 The final exam will contain 50 questions from the final quarter of the semester, and 50 questions will be comprehensive (over the entire semester). 
You can estimate your grade at any time by averaging all your exam scores and using the grading scale below.
Example: If you score 38 questions out of 50 (76%) on Exam 1, then 42 out of 50 (84%) on Exam 2, you can average those two grades to get 80%= B average.

Grading Scale: 90-100% = A; 80-89% = B; 70-79% = C; 60-69% = D; < 60% = F.

EXAMS: See lecture schedule for exam dates.
Bring your student ID, #2 pencil and the correct scantron form to every exam.  
Exam 1: Scantron form # F-1712 (full page, hot pink print)
Exams 2 & 3 and final: Scantron form #F-289 (half page, red print)
Scantrons can be purchased at Bookstore in Student Union.
No electronic devices are allowed during an exam.  

Due to the size of this class and university regulations, exam dates are not negotiable.  For example, do not schedule a family vacation to begin on the 7th of May if you have an exam on the 8th!!  
Makeup exams will be given to those students who must miss a test because of an official University activity or because of illness.  In all cases, arrangements for a makeup test must be made with the instructor prior to the absence.
    

Lecture Schedule:   DR. Glenn Parsons, LECTURER

Date        Topic                            Chapter(s)
21 Jan        Introduction to embryology                50 (Read: 1081-1089)
23 Jan        Integument & Bones                     39 (Review Ch. 38)
26 Jan        Muscles                        39
28 Jan        Digestive System                    46
30 Jan        Digestive System                    46
2 Feb        Internal Transport (Blood)                43
4 Feb        Circulatory System                    43
6 Feb        Circulation                          43
9 Feb        Lymphatic System and Immunity            44
11 Feb     Lymphatic System and Immunity            44
13 Feb        TEST I                BRING SCANTRON Form F-1712
16 Feb        Respiratory System                    45
18 Feb        Respiration                         45
20 Feb        Excretory System                    47
23 Feb        Excretion                        47
25 Feb        Neurons                         40
27 Feb        Nervous System                    41
2 Mar        Endocrine System                    48
        (3 Mar=Deadline for Course Withdrawal)
4 Mar        Reproductive System                    49
6 Mar        Reproduction                        49
9 Mar        TEST II            BRING SCANTRON Form F-289

DR. LUCILE McCOOK, LECTURER

11 Mar    Origin & Evolution of Life                21
13 Mar    Systematics and Taxonomy                23
16-20 Mar    SPRING BREAK
23 Mar    Viruses                        24
25 Mar    Prokaryotes                        24            
27 Mar    Protists                         25
30 Mar    Protists                         25
1 Apr        Fungi                            26
3 Apr        Seedless Plants                    27
6 Apr        Seed Plants-Angiosperm reproduction            28 & 36
8 Apr        TEST III     BRING SCANTRON Form F-289     
10 Apr        Good Friday Holiday
13 Apr        Plant Structure & Leaves                32 & 33
15 Apr        Stems and Roots                    34 & 35
17 Apr        Intro. to Animals                    29
20 Apr        Protostomes                        30
22 Apr        Protostomes & Deuterostomes            30 & 31
24 Apr        Deuterostomes                    31
27 Apr        Population Ecology                    52
29 Apr        Ecosystems Ecology                    54
1 May        Global Ecology                    55 & 56


FINAL EXAM -  9:00 am class, Section I:   FRIDAY, 8 MAY - 8:00 am.
         10:00 am class, Section II:  WEDNESDAY, 6 MAY - 8:00 am.

                               
Remember to bring your scantron, #2 pencil and Student ID to Final Exam!

The final in this class will have 100 questions:  50 questions over new material (last quarter of the class) and 50 comprehensive questions covering the entire semester (twelve or thirteen questions from each quarter, for a total of 25 questions from each professor).
The comprehensive questions will be more "BIG PICTURE" kinds of questions, meaning they will cover major concepts---not tiny details.  Your best way to study for the final  is to use your old exams, studying the information around each question, and using the summary in the back of each chapter.  Go to your notes when you need to reinforce those major topics, but do not focus on tiny details!
Here's what Dr. Parsons says about his comprehensive questions:
"Tell the students that for my questions I am trying to test for general knowledge of the material. I am trying, as much as possible,
to stay away from asking lots of questions about vocabulary (however some vocabulary is needed just to ask the question).

For example, I consider knowing the parts of the digestive system and their general functions as important. I would not ask them to
memorize all the different enzymes and what each one of them does.

Another example; I consider the general function and structure of hemoglobin important. But being able to describe the details of the
Bohr Shift as more of a detail."

University rules allow a student to change the time of a final exam if that student has three tests on one day. 
The regulations read: Any student having three or more examinations scheduled for the same day will arrange with the instructor to take the 12:00 noon examination or the 7:30 p.m. examination on some other mutually satisfactory date.  
Since our exams are at 8:00 am, no one in this class is affected.


CHAPTERS & LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR 2nd half of semester

Chapter 21: Origin & Evolutionary History of Life.      Read pages 447-454.  Learning Objectives 1-5.
Chapter 23: Biodiversity.                                            Read pages 482-493.  Learning Objectives 1-3, 8.
Chapter 24: Viruses & Prokaryotes                            Read entire chapter.  Learning Objectives 1-3, 6-11
Chapter 25: Kingdom Protista                                    Read entire chapter.  Learning Objectives 1-7, 9-10 (only groups covered in lecture)  
Chapter 26: Kingdom Fungi                                       Read entire chapter.  Learning Objectives 1-4, 6 (ascomycetes & basidiomycetes only), 7-11
Material for Exam 4 begins here
Chapter 27:
Kingdom Plantae                                    Read pages 581-587. Learning Objectives 1, 3, 5, 6 & 9 and Alternation of Generations life cycle (Fig. 27.2).
Chapter 28:
Kingdom Plantae                                    Read pages 600-602, 607-612.  Learning Objectives 5 & 6.
Chapter 36:
Reproduction in Flowering Plants            Read pages 767-770, 774-776, 780-781.  Learning Objectives 1, 2, 5-7.
Chapter 29:
Kingdom Animalia                                  Read pages 619-622, 630-636.   Learning Objectives 1 & 2, 4, 6 & 7.
Chapter 30:
Kingdom Animalia                                  Read pages 640-641 & pages on taxa covered, including Importance of Coelom (p. 641!).  
                                                                                            Learning Objectives 1, 3-6, 9 (only groups covered in lecture).
Chapter 31:
Kingdom Animalia                                 Read pages 667-668.  Learing Objectives 2,3 & 6 (only groups covered in lecture).
Chapter 52:
Population Ecology                                Read pages 1126, 1129-1131, 1139-1143.  Learning Objectives 3, 9-11.
Chapter 54:
Ecosystems & the Biosphere                  Read pages 1166, 1172-1178.  Learning Objective  4. (only those covered in class)
Chapter 56: Global Environmental Issues             Read entire chapter and expect 3-4 questions on your exam from this important information
.   
                                                                                          Focus on headings and highlighted terms---not tiny details.  Use summary in back of chapter, too.


Besides the Three Domains, we will also study a strange assortment of "non-living" things that are included in the study of "life". 
 The three types of infectious particles we will study are:
  -Viruses, including plant and animal viruses and bacteriophages
        What are viruses? http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/alllife/virus.html
           Big Picture Book of Viruses
           http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVHomePage.html
           Avian Flu--http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/en/
           Foot and mouth disease is in the international news!!
             http://www.guardian.co.uk/footandmouth/story/0,7369,451591,00.html
           HIV and AIDS: The Centers for Disease Control has posted this site:
               http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/dhap.htm
          SARS:  Everything you should know about this virus:         http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/factsheet.htm
          IS IT A COLD OR IS IT THE FLU???  http://www.flufacts.com/about/default.aspx
         See a great program on the Influenza Pandemic of 1918.  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/influenza/

 -Prions Check out prions and Mad Cow Disease--the Brain Eater!!!
           http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/madcow/
           http://www.mad-cow.org/

-Viroids
Why aren't these infectious particles included in our formal classification of life?  We currently define "life" on the basis of cells and what those cells can do, such as reproduce, metabolize, gather energy, etc.  Viruses, viroids and prions are not cells, but particles of organic molecules that take over cells and use the host cell to reproduce the particles.  We are clearly interesed in them because they often cause disease, but they are everywhere and may have played a huge roll in the evolution of organisms.  In the future, will we change our definition of life to include these "life-like particles"?  Stick around and find out.


As discussed in class, most scientists now recognize THREE DOMAINS in SIX KINGDOMS based on recent molecular data.  Here is an outline of the domains and kingdoms we will study this semester.  Use this outline as you study to keep your thoughts in order and organize your notes.  Remember, there are more Phyla, Classes, Orders, Families, Genera and Species out there in nature.  We are just covering those that you are most likely to encounter or that are of particular importance to us or to the study of biology.
To see scientific data on the relationships among organisms, click on this site:
           http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/phylogeny.html

LIFE — An Outline of Living Things
Classified in
Three Domains

   BACTERIA                ARCHAEA                      EUKARYA        
 prokaryotes                 
   prokaryotes                           eukaryotes

            Also, consult APPENDIX C in your text for a complete classification--

Prokaryotes  are the most diverse organisms on Earth in terms of the range of metabolic processes included within the two major domains, Eubacteria and Archaea.  Here is a list of terms that we have already learned and that can now be applied to prokaryotes, as well as other taxa.  A discussion of each is included on pages shown.

DOMAIN BACTERIA
I. Kingdom Bacteria: Single-celled prokaryotes.  
    Two groups of Eubacteria covered in lecture are:
      1. Gram positives (including Lactic acid bacteria, Actinomycetes, staphylocci & streptococci)
       NEW RESEARCH!!  Using a phage to kill strep bacteria!!
       Info on anthrax from the CDC!!  http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax/
     
    2. Gram negatives (including E.coli, nitrogen-fixers, & Cyanobacteria)

          What are cyanobacteria? http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanointro.html
      
Learn more about Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria!!!

Learn more about Quorum Sensing:  http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/quorum/index.htm

DOMAIN ARCHAEA
II. Kingdom Archaea: Single-celled prokaryotes that are genetically and ecologically distinct from the Bacteria.
Many occur in harsh environments, and so they have been called "extremophiles". 
Click here for 2 great sites on Archaea      http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html
                                                                 http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0212089/home.htm
3 groups of Archaea covered in lecture are:
    1. Methanogens.  See a student-posted page on these creatures:  http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Methanogens
     
    2. Extreme Thermophiles
       explore deep sea hydrothermal vents where thermophiles live!!        
                http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/oceanography_recently_revealed1.html
                 http://www.ocean.washington.edu/people/grads/scottv/exploraquarium/vent/intro.htm

     3. Extreme Halophiles   http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0212089/halo.htm    

DOMAIN EUKARYA
        Includes all eukaryotic organisms, classified in 4 Kingdoms:
        Protista           Fungi                Plantae            Animalia

III. Kingdom Protista: Single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes of many kinds.   Chapter 24
This Kingdom is NOT a monophyletic group.  We simply do not know enough about them and so they are lumped into this giant taxon. Scientists will soon break this taxon into small units, but for now.....
We will cover 7 groups of Eukaryotes that include protists: see Table 25-1 in text!! 

1. Excavates.  Single-celled Protists that lack, or have strange, mitochondria.
    the Diplomonad Giardia intestinalis causes Backpacker's Diarrhea    http://giardiaclub.com/giardia.html
    Trichonympha  lives in the guts of termites and wood-eating cockroaches.  Yum.

2. Discicristates.  Single-celled Protists named for disc-shaped mitochondrial membranes.
    Euglena          You, too, could study Euglana!!!!  or view movies of them:     http://bio.rutgers.edu/euglena/
    Trypanosoma (covered in lab only)

3. Alveolates.  Have flattened alveoli just under plasma membrane.
    the Ciliate Paramecium
    the Apicomplexan Plasmodium
                To learn about Malaria and drug resistance, visit: http://www.who.int/drugresistance/malaria/en/  

4. Heterokonts.  Photosynthetic "algae" 
    Diatoms        Great photos & other info on diatoms! http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/bacillariophyta.html
    Brown Algae, like Kelp
 
5. Plants
    Green Algae, like Volvox               http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html
    Land Plants (Kingdom Plantae) see intro to this group in Chapter 27, and see below.

6. Amoebozoans.  Amoeboid cells with rounded pseudopodia.
    Amoebas, like Entamoeba hystolytica
   
7. Opisthokonts.  
    Choanoflagellates (protists)       
http://mcb.berkeley.edu/labs/king/choanos.html
    Fungi (Kingdom Fungi)  Chapter 26, and see below.
    Animals (Kingdom Animalia)
 Beginning in chapter 29, and see below.

For pictures of some Protists of interest, click on:  http://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/protists/gallery.html
Visit the Parasites Page to find info on Giardia, Entamoeba &  and other creatures:
                                                            http://www.cellsalive.com/parasit.htm
                                                 

IV. Kingdom Fungi     Chapter 26
Monophyletic group of multicellular (and some single-celled, like Yeasts) eukaryotes.  All heterotrophic.
You can't have bread or alcohol without these guys (not to mention Athlete's Foot, or mushrooms on your pizza).  
  Fungi Photos!!!

We are covering 2 phyla in depth: 
       
Phylum Ascomycota--Sac Fungi (Aspergillus & Penicillium)
       
Phylum Basidiomycota--Club Fungi (Agaricus & Amanita)

    Also two Symbiotic relationships that involve fungi: lichens http://www.lichen.com/biology.html
                                                                                                 mycorrhizae  http://www.mycolog.com/chapter17.htm
END MATERIAL FOR EXAM 3

V. Kingdom Plantae     Chapters 27 & 28
Multicellular eukaryotes.  All autotrophic. Four groups covered in lecture.
If you don't breath or eat, or wear jeans or take medicine, you really don't need to know anything about plants.
Link to plant photos:     http://images.botany.org/      
    Careers in Botany!!    http://www.botany.org/bsa/careers/

Seedless Nonvascular Plants with a dominant Gametophyte Generation----The Bryophytes     Chapter 27
    1. Phylum Bryophyta--mosses            
                             
http://scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/bcs/bl14apl/bryo1.htm

Seedless Vascular Plants with a dominant Sporophyte Generation---The Ferns and Fern Allies     Chapter 27
    2. Phylum Pterophyta--Ferns   (did not do life cycle in lecture)    
     A great website on ferns posted at Univ. Cal. at Berkely:
        http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/pterophyta/pteridopsida.html

<> Vascular Plants with Naked Seeds---The Gymnosperms      (heterosporous) Chapter 28
    3. Phylum Coniferophya---conifers, such as pine, cypress, fir, sequoia & redwood
        (did not do life cycle in lecture)
        Can't afford to visit Sequoia National Park?  Visit this site and learn about the Giant Sequoias:   http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/sequoia/

Vascular Plants with Flowers, Fruits and Seeds---The Angiosperms   (heterosporous) Chapter 28 &  36 (but only what we covered)
    4. Phylum Anthophyta--the flowering plants

Check out this site, called eNature.com: http://www.enature.com/
It offers online searchable information from 35 field guides to over 4,800 plant and animal species.

VI. Kingdom Animalia We will study 8 phyla in Chapters 29-31.
Multicellular eukaryotes.  All heterotrophic.      
Animals R Us.  Plus, cockroaches, worms, sharks, owls, dinosaurs, crawfish, sponges,etc.
**Be able to use the terms describing symmetry highlighted on page 623 of text!!**
Check out the Animal Diversity Web!!http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/index.html
Or, visit this AMAZING site on animals:    http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/index.html       

PARAZOA---Asymmetrical animals with no true tissue development
    1. Phylum Porifera--sponges--see link below
           http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/porifera.html
RADIATA---Radially symmetrical animals with tissue development from 2 embryonic germ layers
    2. Phlyum Cnidaria--cnidarians (corals & sea anemones, jellyfish & hydrozoans)
        Class Hydrozoa--Hydra---a hydrozoan
                      http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/cnidaria.html

Go here for photos and info on sponges (Phylum Porifera) & corals (Phylum Cnidaria):
http://www.enature.com/guides/show_species_thumb.asp?curGroup=Seashore_Creatures&shape=1065

Bilaterally symmetrical animals with tissue development from 3 embryonic germ layers

PROTOSTOMIA
    Acoelomate animals

      3. Phylum Platyhelminthes--flatworms  http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/platyhelminthes.html
                  To learn more about tapeworms on dogs and cats: http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_tapeworm.html 
              Planarians- a Class of free-living flatworms.
              Don't miss the penis-fencing worms ( I am not kidding!) http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/episodes/hunt_explo2.html 
   
   Coelomate animals   READ=Importance of Coelom (p. 641)

        4. Phylum Mollusca--mollusks      http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/molluscs.html
           a. Class Gastropoda--snails and slugs
                Do you love snails (with garlic)?  This site is for you: http://escargot.free.fr/eng/cooking.htm
           b. Class Bivalvia--clams, oysters, etc.
           c. Class Cephalopoda--octopods and squid:  http://is.dal.ca/~ceph/TCP/index.html
                  Action photos of a new species of deep sea squid     http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/294/5551/2505/DC1
      5. Phylum Annelida--the annelids, or segmented worms
                      http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/annelids.html
              Class Oligochaeta--earthworms    Learn about earthworms with kids--    http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/worms/                           
    
      6. Phylum Arthropoda--arthropods--includes spiders, crustaceans and insects
                                  http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/arthropods.html
              Class Malacostraca:  Crustaceans
              Class Arachnida: Spiders
              Class Insecta: Insects.

                            
   DEUTEROSTOMIA
---Deuterostome Coelomates
      7. Phylum Echinodermata--echinoderms, including sea urchins, sea stars, & sand dollars
                  http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/echinoderms.html
               Class Asteroidea--sea stars   http://www.perspective.com/nature/animalia/starfish.html  

      8. Phylum Chordata--the chordates
                        http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/chordates.html
           A. Subphylum Cephalochordata--Invertebrate chordates---lancelets
           B. Subphylum Vertebrata--Living classes of Vertebrate chordates include Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, and many groups of Fish.

Links to information from Ecology section:

World food crisis a "Silent Tsunami":  http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/institute/water/eeewaterreport.pdf

Calculate your carbon footprint:  http://www.carbonbalanced.org/index.asp

Take a break from studying and send some rice to hungry people!:     http://www.freerice.com/

Remember to bring your Scantron Form F-289 and your Student ID
You will not be allowed to take the final without your student ID.  No exceptions!!!
No electronic devices of any kind allowed in test.

 
ANALYZE YOUR TESTS!!
No matter what class you are in, you should always sit down and analyze a test after it is returned to you.  If you want to improve your grade, you must first determine the types of questions you are missing and then you can alter your study habits to reflect those needs.  Look for patterns in the kinds of questions that you missed and those that were correct.
Going over your test, ask yourself the following about the questions that you missed:

1. Was the material in my notes?
 If not, work on note-taking skills.   Go over notes in a study group.
 Beware!!!!  Other peoples' notes can be lousy or incorrect!!!  If you are skipping class and depending on others for notes, you could be hurting yourself immeasurably.
If the answers are in your notes but you still missed the question, you need to examine your study methods.

2. Did I miss questions covering particular topics?
As an example, did you miss most of the questions covering atomic stucture?  Then, you need to go back and work on that topic.  Knowledge of atomic structure is important for an understanding of how bonds form and molecules work, and is fundamental to an understanding of biology.  Also, it will be on the comprehensive final.

3. Did I miss questions covering straightforward details?
 Or, did I miss questions where I needed to have a broader understanding of a topic?
You need to understand both the details (the "little picture") as well as the "big picture".
When studying details, always stop and ask yourself:
 --Where is this happening?
 --What is its importance?
 --What other topics can I link directly to this?
 The summary at the end of each chapter in the book can be very helpful here.

Think hierarchically!!
 ---atoms, molecules, membranes, cells, tissues, etc.
 Organizing your notes may be very helpful here.

4. Can you find the correct answers using your notes or the book?
 Doing this will ensure that you come to an understanding of what you missed and why you missed it. And, you will be preparing for the comprehensive final!
 NEVER BE SATISFIED with "the answer is C" because you will not have learned anything.

5. Did you tend to miss the questions that offer multiple answer options (a & b are correct), or those questions that are phrased as a negative (which one is NOT correct?)?
These questions involve logic and reasoning.  You can improve your ability to perform these questions, and you must learn to be especially careful when answering these.

6. Are you "second-guessing" and changing answers on the test?
 If you have studied, have confidence in your knowledge.  Go with the knowledge you have, use your knowledge to work out questions that you are not certain of, and use that knowledge to think through difficult questions.  Only change an answer when you are certain----not when you are "second-guessing".
Remember---your ability to think during an exam is based on your knowledge and on your state of mind.  GET SOME SLEEP BEFORE EXAMS!!

Scholarships:

All pre-med. students, Air Force & Army Cadets, and Navy Midshipmen, are invited to attend a presentation given by COL. Charles Serio, Ph.D, Uniform Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), on Monday January 29th, at 2 P.M. at Old Chemistry Auditorium (Room 107)
If you are considering attending Medical School at USUHS and/or serving our country as a Doctor in uniform, you are encouraged to attend this presentation.
Questions? Coordination: Call LTC Bill Hollowell 915-7085, Army ROTC.



SUMMER OPPORTUNITIES

Here is a list of TERRIFIC web sites that offer opportunities for students interested in Biology.
My advice to you: invest an hour browsing these pages.    If you come up with some other sites of value, let me know and I will post them here.   Have fun......Dr. McCook

The Student Conservation Association has exciting internship opportunities available throughout the year in numerous disciplines within the Sciences and the Humanities, including: Wilderness Habitat Restoration, Historical Interpretation, Marine Ecology, GIS, Environmental Education and Fire Management. The number of choices grows every year and this year opportunities served over 50 disciplines working with Federal, State and Private agencies across the country.  Check out their website if you would like to learn more http://www.theSCA.org 
     
Cedar Creek Ecosystem Reserve, formerly Cedar Creek Natural History Area,
offer several internships every summer for undergraduate and newly
graduated students.
marot019@umn.edu.

Great site for summer internships in all fields of biology--from natural history to medicine and engineering             http://www.yale.edu/necuse/

MOUNTAIN LAKE BIOLOGICAL STATION  www.virginia.edu/~mtlake
2008 Summer Courses and Undergraduate Research Opportunities 
     Our field station is located on a mountaintop in southwestern Virginia and is home to a lively research, teaching and social community.  For details on these programs, full course descriptions, application material, and a list of research areas see our web page: www.virginia.edu/~mtlake
    The Mountain Lake Biological Station (University of Virginia) announces credit courses in field biology, and paid research opportunities for undergraduates.  We offer students hands-on experience and training in a
wide variety of biological field studies.  Join us for an exciting and unforgettable summer in a first-class field biology teaching and research environment. To see this seasons Courses:  http://www.virginia.edu/~mtlake/courses.html
MLBS home page - http://mlbs.org/
You can also contact us by email, mail, fax or phone:
  Mountain Lake Biological Station
  238 Gilmer Hall, PO Box 400327
  University of Virginia
  Charlottesville VA 22904-4327
  E-mail:  mtlake@virginia.edu
  voice:   (434) 982-5486
  fax:     (434) 982-5626

     
The Mississippi Space Grant Consortium is sponsoring a number of internships this summer for undergraduates at companies in Mississippi.  Information is located on the web page: http://www.olemiss.edu/programs/nasa/internship/

The Dauphin Island Marine Lab..Students interested in marine sciences must check this out!!!
http://www.disl.org

National Interniships--you must pay a fee to get their listings of regional interships, but they also give you lots of info about what to expect and how to apply.
http://www.internships.com

REAL JOBS in Biology & Related Areas

Forensic Science Masters degree:  http://main.uab.edu/show.asp?durki=10561

Biology Careers in Genetics and Biomedicine

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/launchpad/

Biology careers--a listing of real jobs out there.  This is a terrific site to see the range of employment opportunites that biology majors have, and to see the experience employers are looking for!!
http://www.furman.edu/~snyder/careers/careers.html

A huge listing of real jobs out there in all areas of science all over the world!!    http://recruit.sciencemag.org/

Environmental Opportunities and Career Planning --- both summer internships and real jobs in environmental work, from research, to management, to computer & database analysis
http://www.ejobs.org

Pharmacological and Biotech Jobs in Human and Agricultural Sciences --mostly with private companies
http://www.symbiosinc.com

Careers in Botany!!  http://www.botany.org/bsa/careers/index.html

TeachArkansas: The mission of TeachArkansas is to attract high quality candidates to teach in some of the hardest-to-staff districts in the state. 
If any students have considered teaching (regardless of their major), our web-site has information on teaching, obtaining a license, and an online application.
The web-site address is http://www.teacharkansas.org

The Animal Behavior Society Conservation Committee has updated its list of funding sources for animal research.  Many of these are aimed at graduate students.
See the ABSCC website:  http://www.animalbehavior.org/ABS/Conservation/ccfunding.html

Check out these sites for the latest science news! (updated daily or weekly)
  New York Times science & health articles (you must register first, but it is free and is really
    some of the best and most intelligent science writing for the general public);
           http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/
  Science News (Well written and illustrated):  http://whyfiles.news.wisc.edu/
  Latest science research news- Access Excellence:  http://www.gene.com/ae/WN/SU/
  Discovery Channel On Line:  http://www.discovery.com/
    Discovery Channel has a great article on epidemics!!!
  Searchable Science & Technology News:  http://www.artigen.com/newswire/scitech.html
  Science Daily - Today's Headlines:  http://www.sciencedaily.com/index.htm
  Science on TV this week?  http://www.pbs.org/science/
  Yahoo Health Page: http://health.yahoo.com

  NASA's  Astrobiology site: http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/

Want to see what other undergrads are doing?   The National Undergraduate Research Clearinghouse is where undergraduates can post papers from their own research projects.       http://clearinghouse.mwsc.edu


CLASS TEST SCORES --Spring 2009

Results of 1st EXAM: Friday, 13 February 2009
           Number of students by class, by grade    
Range = 100 to 22%
             grade          9 am                             10 am 
               A            11     
8%                     22     13%
               B            27     20%                    46     27%
               C            43     31.5%                 54     31%
               D            27     20%                    28     16%
               F            28     20.5%                  23     13%
Total # students   136                              173
Class Average               71%                              73%


Results of 2nd EXAM: Monday, 9 March 2009

           Number of students by class, by grade    
Range = 98 to 24%
             grade          9 am                             10 am 
               A            17    12.5
%                    25     15%
               B            48     36%                      58     35%
               C            44     33%                      53     32%
               D            13     9.5%                     17     10%
               F            12      9%                       13      8%
Total # students   134                                166
Class Average              
77%                               77%


Results of 3rd EXAM: Wednesday, 8 April 2009
           Number of students by class, by grade    
Range = 100 to 28%
             grade          9 am                             10 am 
               A            44     33
%                      64     38%
               B            47     35%                      56     34%
               C            30     23%                      28     17%
               D             7       5%                        8    4.5%
               F             5       4%                       11    6.5%
Total # students   133                                167
Class Average              
83%                               83%


Results of Final EXAM: 6 & 8 May 2009
           Number of students by class, by grade    
Range = 97 to 26%
             grade          9 am                             10 am 
               A            18     14
%                      14      9%
               B            37     28.5%                    41    25%
               C            37     28.5%                    59    36%
               D            27     21%                      32     20%
               F            11       8%                       16    10%
Total # students   130                                162
Class Average              
75%                               74%


SEMESTER FINAL GRADES: Spring 2009
           Number of students by class, by grade    
Range = 96 to 28%
             grade          9 am                             10 am 
               A            20     15.5
%                   24      15%
               B            43     33.5%                    61     37%
               C            46     36%                       54     33%
               D            12      9%                       16     10%
               F             8       6%                         8       5%
Total # students   129                                163


Test Results from previous years, just for your information.

CLASS TEST SCORES --Spring 2008

Results of 1st EXAM: Monday, 11 February 2008
           Number of students by class, by grade    
Range= 100 to 24%
             grade         9 am                             10 am 
               A            21     16%                    23    13%
               B            31     24%                    51    30%
               C            29     22%                    27    16%
               D            23     18%                    29    17%
               F             26     20%                    42    24%
Total # students   130                               172
Class Average               73%                             71%

Results of 2nd EXAM: Friday, 7 March 2008
           Number of students by class, by grade    
Range= 98 to 20%
             grade         9 am                             10 am 
               A            21     16%                    36    21%
               B            38     30%                    39    23%
               C            32     25%                    44    25.5%
               D            17     13%                    18    10.5%
               F             20     16%                    34    20%
Total # students   128                               171
Class Average               74%                             74%


Results of 3rd EXAM: Friday, 11 April 2008
           Number of students by class, by grade    
Range= 100 to 26%
             grade         9 am                             10 am 
               A            43     33.5%                    51    31%
               B            39     30.5%                    64    38.5%
               C            31     24%                      26     16%
               D            10       8%                      14      8%
               F              5       4%                      11     6.5%
Total # students   128                                166
Class Average               82%                               82%

Results of 4th (final) EXAM: Wed. 7th & Fri 9th May 2008
           Number of students by class, by grade    
Range= 99 to 21%
             grade         9 am                             10 am 
               A            15     12%                    21    12.7%
               B            33     26%                    49    29.7%
               C            38     30%                    47    28.6%
               D            25     19.5%                 28    17%
               F            16      12.5%                 20    12%
Total # students   127                              165
Class Average               75%                               75%

FINAL GRADES, Spring 2008
           Number of students by class, by grade    
Range= 98 to 13%
             grade         9 am                             10 am 
               A            23     18%                    34     20.5%
               B            39     30.7%                 50     30%
               C            43     34%                   46      28%
               D            11      8.7%                 19      11.5%
               F           
11       8.7%                 17     10%
Total # students   129                              171
Class Average                75%                             75%


CLASS TEST SCORES --Spring 2007

Results of 1st EXAM: Monday, 12 February 2007
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                             10am                Range= 98 to 20%
                A            10     10%                    16     13%
                B            25     26%                    25    21%
                C            21     22%                    27    22%
                D            19     20%                    23    19%
                F             21     22%                    31    25%
Total # students    96                               122
Class Average               72%                             69% 

Results of 2nd EXAM: Friday, 9 March 2007
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                             10am                Range= 98 to 22%
                A             7        8%                    10      8.5%
                B            35     38%                    31    26.5%
                C            21     23%                    21    18%
                D            14     15%                    25    21%
                F             15     16%                    30    26%
Total # students    92                               117
Class Average               73%                             69% 

Results of 3rd EXAM: Friday, 13 April 2007
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                             10am                Range= 98 to 22%
                A            14     15%                    17    15%
                B            27     29%                    37    32%
                C            27     29%                    27    23.5%
                D            15     16%                    18    15.5%
                F             11     11%                    16    14%
Total # students    94                               115
Class Average               75%                             74% 

Results of 4thd EXAM (Final): 7 & 9 May 2007
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                             10am                Range= 98 to 26%
                A              5       5%                    10      9%
                B            33     34%                    32    29%
                C            28     29%                    38    34%
                D            11     12%                    16    14%
                F             19     20%                    16    14%
Total # students    96                                112
Class Average               73%                             74%

 Final Grades, BISC 162, Spring 2007
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                             10am                Range= 97 to 21%
                A            10     10.5%                 15    13%
                B            31     32%                    28    24%
                C            29     30%                    40    34%
                D            15     16%                    16    14%
                F             11     11.5%                 18    15%
Total # students    96                               117


CLASS TEST SCORES --Spring 2006

Results of 1st EXAM: Monday, 13 February 2006
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                             10am                Range= 98 to 22%
                A            10      9%                       9     6%
                B            26     23%                    29    18%
                C            23     21%                    40    25%
                D            15     13%                    39    25%
                F             39     35%                    42    26%
Total # students   113                              159
Class Average               67%                             68% 


Results of 2nd EXAM: Friday, 10 March 2006
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                             10am                Range= 100 to 28%
                A            18     16.5%                 18    12%
                B            33     30%                    41    27.5%
                C            14     13%                    47    31.5%
                D            17    15.5%                  18    12%
                F             27     25%                    25    17%
Total # students   109                              149
Class Average               72%                             74%

Results of 3rd EXAM: Wednesday, 12 April 2006
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                             10am                Range= 100 to 28%
                A            23     21.5%                 34    23%
                B            25     23.5%                 50    33%
                C            22     21%                    34    23%
                D            18     17%                   18     12%
                F             18     17%                   14      9%
Total # students   106                              150
Class Average               74%                             78%

Results of 4th EXAM: 10 & 12 May 2006
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                             10am                Range= 97 to 23%
                A             8        7%                      8      5.3%
                B            26      24%                    33     22%
                C            25      23%                    47     31.3%
                D            19     17.5%                 30     20%
                F             31     17.5%                 32     21.3%
Total # students   109                              150
Class Average               68.5%                          70.5%

Semester Final Grades, Spring 2006**
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                             10am        
Range= 97 to 6%       
                A            19      16%                   11      7%
                B            26      22%                   47     29%
                C            22      19%                   47     29%
                D            17      15%                   27     17%
                F            32      28%                   28     18%
Total # students  116                              160
Class Average               67%                            68%

**These final scores include students that did not take all exams.

SEMESTER GRADES--Spring 2005
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 7%
                A            19     18%                    23    10.5%
                B            30     28%                    62     28%
                C            27     25%                    62     28%
                D            13     12%                    45    20.5%
                F            18      17%                    29     13% (Includes students that took <4 exams)
Total # students   107                              221
Class Average               72%                             71%

Results of 4th EXAM (FINAL): Tuesday 10th and Friday 13th May 2005
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 25%
                A            12     12%                    14     7%
                B            24     23%                    53    25%
                C            24     23%                    59    28%
                D            21     20%                    46    23%
                F             23     22%                   38    17%
Total # students   104                              210
Class Average               70%                             72% 

Results of 3rd EXAM: Friday, 15 April 2005
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 24%
                A            30     29%                    47    22%
                B            33     32%                    68    31%
                C            21     20%                    56    26%
                D             8      7%                      26    12%
                F             13     12%                    19     9%
Total # students   105                              216
Class Average               78%                             78% 

Results of 2nd EXAM: Friday, 11 March 2005
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 10%
                A            23     22%                    23    11%
                B            27     27%                    60    28%
                C            19     19%                    54    25%
                D            19     19%                    38    18%
                F             14     13%                    38   18%
Total # students   102                              213
Class Average               75%                             73% 

Results of 1st EXAM: Monday, 14 February 2005
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 24%
                A            14     13%                    17      8%
                B            34     32%                    43    19%
                C            23     21%                    64    28%
                D            13     12%                    48    21%
                F             24     22%                    54    24%
Total # students   108                              226
Class Average               72%                             69% 


NOTE: The following test results are from Spring 2004!!!

Results of 1st EXAM: Wednesday, 4 February 2004
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 24
                A            24     15%                    37    18%
                B            33     21%                    47    22%
                C            34     21%                    56    27%
                D            40     25%                    38    18%
                F             28     18%                    32    15%
Total # students   159                              210
Class Average               72%                             73% 

Results of 2nd EXAM: Monday, 1 March 2004
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 20
                A            20     13%                    30    15%
                B            41     26.5%                 70    35%
                C            41     26.5%                 37    19%
                D            26     17%                    30    15%
                F             26     17%                    32    16%
Total # students   154                              199
Class Average               72%                             75% 

Results of 3rd EXAM: Monday, 5 April 2004
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 26
                A            17     11%                    31    15.5%
                B            38     25%                    50    25%
                C            44     29%                    50    25%
                D            31     20%                    36    18%
                F             23     15%                    33    16.5%
Total # students   153                              200
Class Average               73%                             73% 

Results of 4th (final) EXAM: Tuesday, 4 May 2004
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 30%
                A               15       9.5%               39    19.5%
                B               34     21.5%               48    24%
                C               40     25%                  41    21%
                D               32     20%                  34    17%
                F               38      24%                  37    18.5%
Total # students             159                     199
Class Average                   71%                          74% 

Semester Results Spring 2004
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 98 to 6 %
                A            19     12%                    36    17%
                B            39     24%                    51    25%
                C            41     26%                    45    22%
                D            41     26%                    28    14%
                F             20     12%                    45    22%  (Includes students that took < 4 exams)
Total # students   160                              205
Class Average               71%                             72% 




THE GRADES BELOW ARE FOR SPRING 2003!!!!!

Results of 1st EXAM: Monday, 3 February 2003
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 26
                A            21     17%                    24    11.5%
                B            25     20%                    51    24.5%
                C            26     21%                    46    22%
                D            16     13%                    39    19%
                F            36      29%                    47    23%
Total # students   124                                207
Class Average               70%                             70% 

Results of 2nd EXAM: Monday, 3 March 2003
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 18
                A            17     14%                    18       9%
                B            26     22%                    58    28.5%
                C            25     21%                    47      23%
                D            22     19%                    36      18%
                F            28      24%                    44     21.5%
Total # students   118                                203
Class Average               69%                             71% 

Results of 3rd EXAM: Monday, 7 April 2003
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 24
                A            16     14%                    18       9%
                B            17     15%                    51     25%
                C            28     24%                    50    24.5%
                D            25     21%                    42    20.5%
                F            30      26%                    43      21%
Total # students   116                                204
Class Average               69%                             71% 

Results of FINAL EXAM: 6th & 9th of May 2003
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 99 to 24
                A            11      9%                     19        10%
                B            25     22%                    43       22%
                C            21     18%                    44     22.5%
                D            25     22%                    48     24.5%
                F             34     29%                    42       21%
Total # students   116                              196
Class Average               68%                             70% 



THE GRADES BELOW ARE FOR
SPRING 2002!!!!!

Results of 1st EXAM: Friday, 1 February 2002
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 24
                A            15     15%                    24    16%
                B            29     28%                    32    21%
                C            21     20%                    36    24%
                D            17     17%                    30    30%
                F            21      20%                    33    19%
Total # students   103                                155
Class Average               73%                             73%

Results of 2nd EXAM: Friday, 1 March 2002
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 26
                A            14     15%                    26    17%
                B            30     29%                    38    24%
                C            25     24%                    33    21%
                D           15     14%                    28     18%
                F            19     18%                    31     20%
Total # students   103                                156
Class Average               74.5%                          73%

Results of 3rd EXAM: Monday, 8 April 2002
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 98 to 24
                A            17     17.5%                 32    21%
                B            25     26%                    31    20%
                C            17     17.5%                 32    21%
                D           16     17%                     26    17%
                F            21     22%                     32    21%
Total # students    96                                153
Class Average               73%                            73%

THE GRADES BELOW ARE FOR SPRING 2001!!!!!
Results of 1st EXAM: Friday, 2 February 2001
           Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 20
                A            15     14%                    13    10%
                B            28     25%                    33    25%
                C            18     16%                    27    21%
                D            23     21%                    19    15%
               F            26      24%                    37    28%
Total # students   110                                130
Class Average               70%                             70%

Results of 2nd EXAM: Friday, 2 March 2001
            Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 20
                A            15     15%                    14    11%
                B            27     26%                    29    23%
                C            17     16%                    39    31%
                D            19     18%                    15    12%
                F             26     25%                    30    23%
Total # students   104                                127
Class Average               70%                             71%

Results of 3rd EXAM: Friday, 6 April 2001
            Number of students by class, by grade
                grade       9am                           10am                Range= 100 to 26
                A            23     23%                    26    22%
                B            32     32%                    37    31%
                C            19     19%                    27    23%
                D            11     11%                    14    12%
                F             14     14%                    14    12%
Total # students    99                                118
Class Average               77%                             77%

Biology Department Computer Resources Available for Students

The Walker Computer Facility:         Location: 310 Shoemaker            Hours 8:00-5:00, M-F.

Please observe the following rules:
1.  No food or drink is allowed in the room.
2.  No software may be loaded to any of the computers.  The computers each have Microsoft office (Word, Excel,Powerpoint), Netscape and Telnet.
3.  No bookmarks may be added.
4.  Print only your final copy.  Do all proofing on the screen.
5.  Save all of your work to a floppy disk.

Internet Hubs
There are 7 internet ports in the third floor lobby where students can plug in laptop computers and access the net.

CD ROM's to augment class materials
There are several CD's that you can check out and use on any computer.  To check these out, you must take your Ole Miss ID to Ashley Allen in the Biology office.   These CD's may be useful for study or review.

CD Rom's available for checkout:
1.  SciRen Biology (General biology--very process oriented)
2.  A.D.A.M. The Inside Story.  CD (Human Anatomy)
3.  The Dynamic Human (Human Anatomy)
4.  Explorations in Cell Biology and Genetics
5.  Talking Glossary of Genetics

For more information on biology computer resources or freshman  biology laboratories, contact:
    Dr. Gail Stratton, Coordinator for Laboratory Programs
    Dept. of Biology    phone:  601-232-5786
    University of Mississippi   fax:    601-232-5144
    University, MS  38677    email:  byges@olemiss.edu