1	Toward a Sea Ethic Dorinda G. Dallmeyer
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5	Classical Philosophy Virtue Theories Utilitarian Theories Deontological Theories
6	Utilitarian Theories “Maximize Happiness, Minimize Misery”
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8	Utilitarian Theories Nature Primarily a Means to an End
9	BUT… How do you measure the “happiness” of an ecosystem?
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11	Deontological Theories The Golden Rule
12	BUT… Doesn’t Extend to Non-Human Species or to the Environment at Large
13	Problems with Classical Philosophy Individuals Affected Are Non-Human “Non-Standard”
14	What Duties are Owed to…
15	Problems with Classical Philosophy May be Dealing with More Theoretical Constructs, e.g., Ecosystems
16	Problems with Classical Philosophy What Should We Do About Duties to Generations Yet Unborn?
17	Ethics from Resource Management Anthropocentric Ecocentric
18	Anthropocentric Branches “Conservationist” Optimal Sustainable Consumption Gifford Pinchot
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20	“Preservationist” Utility + Aesthetic and Spiritual Needs John Muir
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22	Ecocentric Branch Humans Integrated into Natural Systems “A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and beauty of the biotic community.” Aldo Leopold
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24	ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS Natural World has Intrinsic Value beyond Mere Human Utility Value Includes Integrated Character of System as as Whole Must Consider Long-term Impacts of Human Action
25	AMERICAN PUBLIC ANTHROPOCENTRIC VALUES Concern for Future Generations Utilitarian Values Aesthetic Values
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28	AMERICAN PUBLIC BIOCENTRIC VALUES Humanity as Part of Nature Right of Species to Life Intrinsic Rights of Nature
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32	AMERICAN PUBLIC RELIGIOUS TEACHING SPIRITUALITY
33	Toward a sea ethic…. Species Protection Wilderness Intergenerational Equity Legitimacy of Decision-making
34	Toward a sea ethic…. SPECIES PROTECTION Wilderness Intergenerational Equity Legitimacy of Decision-making
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39	Toward a sea ethic…. Species Protection WILDERNESS Intergenerational Equity Legitimacy of Decision-making
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41	Toward a sea ethic…. Species Protection Wilderness INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY Legitimacy of Decision-making
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43	Toward a sea ethic…. Species Protection Wilderness Intergenerational Equity LEGITIMACY OF DECISION-MAKING
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