1	Climate Change In Canada Impacts and Policies Meinhard Doelle Dalhousie University Law School Marine and Environmental Law Program
2	Car Crazy!
3	Presentation Overview Canadian Context Climate Change Impacts In Canada Sources of Emissions In Canada Opportunities for Emission Reductions Federal/Provincial Relations Canada’s Position/Role Internationally Sinks Kyoto Mechanisms Compliance Long Term Issues (Dev Countries, US, Beyond 2012) Implementing Kyoto in Canada Conclusion
4	The Greenhouse Effect
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6	Canadian Context; Impacts Temperature Precipitation Habitat Arctic Ice Water Temperature Coasts under Threat Extreme Weather Events
7	Projected Temperature Increase - Winter 2090 (December, January, February)
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10	Projected Changes in Arctic Sea Ice Cover
11	Impacts on Wildlife Examples: Caribou Polar Bears Sea birds Grey Jays Whales Coral Marsupials
12	Climate Change Will Affect Our Fisheries Resources
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16	Quebec Ice Storm (January, 1998) Over 1,000 transmission towers and 30,000 wooden utility poles were downed. A month after the storm 700,000 people still without power. Over $1 Billion in Insurance Claims
17	Canadian Context; GHG Sources Contributing Gases: CO2 (~ 75%) CH4 (~ 15%) NOx (~ 8%) A # of other gases with minor but growing contributions Sources by Human Activity Energy versus Non-energy
18	Greenhouse Gas Sources in Nova Scotia (1997)
19	Non-Energy Sources of Greenhouse Gases in Canada (1996)
20	Canadian Context; Reductions Use Less Energy Efficiency & Conservation Fuel Switching Fossil Fuels to Renewables Non-energy sources Methane from agriculture etc Offsets Sinks
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22	Why Else Use Less Fossil Fuels? Supply Not Sustainable - Once all fossil fuels are burned, then nothing left for future generations Security of Supply - 1973 Arab oil embargo Damage to Habitat Coal: Tailings, Strip Mines, Acid Mine Drainage Oil: tanker spills, tank leakage, pipeline corridors Natural Gas: sour gas wells, pipeline corridors Reduce Consumption of Other Resources Save Money Economic Benefits from New Industries
23	Direct CO₂ Emissions Per Unit of Energy
24	What is Needed to Replace the World’s Crude Oil (71 million barrels/day) Biomass 3-7 million km² short rotation tree crops Methanol 8-19 million km² of trees Ethanol 5 million km² of arable land (sugar cane) (US cropland is about 1.56 million km²) Solar-Hydrogen 448,000 km² of land for photovoltaics (Tucson, Ariz.) Wind 1.3 million km²of land, 403 million turbines (500 kW capacity ea., 3 per ha.) Hydro-electricity 3.1 million km²of land Source: 1998: Lightfoot, H.Douglas and Chris Green: New Sources of Energy are Needed To Halt Global Warming in Policy Options (May) p. 17
25	GHG Reduction Strategies 1. Use Less Energy (~ 60 - 70%) 2. Renewables (~ 20 - 40%) 3. Cleaner Fossil Fuels (Transition) 4. Efficient Fossil Fuels (Transition) 5. Non-Energy GHG (Small) 6. Sinks (Temporary)
26	Canadian Context; Fed/Provincial Very Different Costs and Benefits National Energy Policy Pre-Kyoto Fed/Prov Negotiations Fed/Prov Since 1997
27	Canadian Greenhouse Gas Emissions (1996) Tonnes of CO₂ Equivalent per Capita
28	Canadian Context; Fed/Provincial Very Different Costs and Benefits Net Energy Producer or Consumer Source of Electricity Change since 1990 Plans for Future Economic Development National Energy Policy Pre-Kyoto Fed/Prov Negotiations Fed/Prov Since 1997
29	Canada & International Issues General Sinks Mechanisms Compliance Long Term Issues, Beyond 2012
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31	Atmospheric CO₂ Levels Depend on What We Do
32	Human Impacts on the Carbon Cycle (Gt = Gigatonnes of Carbon)
33	Carbon Sinks
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35	Implementing Kyoto In Canada The Federal Implementation Plan The Context! Kyoto or long term? (-6 or – 80%) Domestic or Kyoto Mechanisms? Users or Taxpayers? Sinks, permanence and competing land use Electricity Sector Energy Exports Large Industrial Emitters Transportation Buildings The Citizen
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38	Conclusion Future Prospects Canada’s Role Internationally Canada’s Challenges Domestically
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40	World Population Growth 0 AD to 2050 AD