Alabama Code § 9-7-20 (2000).

Coastal area management program; permits
 

(a) It is the intent and purpose of this section to avoid duplication whenever possible as to managing activities within the coastal area and yet assure compliance with the management program established by the board.
 

(b) The department shall review the permitting activities of persons within the coastal area in order to insure consistency with the coastal area management program and where necessary to issue permits to persons to insure compliance and consistency with said program. No agency can issue a permit for any activity in the coastal area that the department of environmental management finds to be inconsistent with the coastal area management program.
 

(c) There may well be uses of certain lands included within the boundaries of the coastal area which will not have a "direct and significant" impact on coastal waters. Such uses may be subject to regulation by local units of government (cities or counties) within the framework of the management program adopted by the board.
 

(d) Any person, corporation or partnership filing an application for the federal permit for an activity to be conducted within the boundaries of the coastal area shall deliver to the department an informational copy of such application.
 

Alabama Code § 22-22-9 (2000).

Advisory commission; powers and duties
 

(a) It shall be the duty of the commission to control pollution in the waters of the state, and it shall specifically have the following powers:
 

(1) To study and investigate all problems concerned with the improvement and conservation of the waters of the state;
 

(2) To conduct, independently and in cooperation with others, studies, investigation and research and to prepare, or in cooperation with others prepare, a program or programs, any or all of which shall pertain to the purity and conservation of the waters of the state or to the treatment and disposal of pollutants or other wastes, which studies, investigations, research and program or programs shall be intended to result in the reduction of pollution of the waters of the state according to the conditions and particular circumstances existing in the various communities throughout the state; and
 

(3) To propose remedial measures insofar as practical means are available for abatement of such pollution.
 

To this end, the commission may cooperate with any public agency, including federal agencies, or with any private agency in the conduct of such experiments, investigations and research and may receive, on behalf of the state, any moneys which any such agency may contribute as its share of the cost under any such cooperative arrangement; provided, that such moneys shall be used only for the purposes for which they are contributed and any unexpended balance remaining after the conclusion of the experiments, investigation and research, or other uses for which such moneys were granted or donated, shall remain to the credit of the Water Improvement Commission Fund, unless the terms of such grant, gift or donation specifically require the return of any unexpended balance.
 

(b) It shall be the duty of the commission to conduct surveys with respect to the pollution of any waters of the state, either navigable or not navigable, to establish criteria standards and limitations for recognized limits of pollution and, independently or in cooperation with other agencies, both public and private, to promote, through education and demonstration, water conservation and

the abatement of water pollution.
 

(c) The commission may require any person discharging, or applying to discharge, pollution into the waters of the state to establish and maintain such records, make such reports, install, use and maintain such monitoring equipment or methods, sample pollution, in accordance with such methods, at such locations, intervals and procedures as the commission shall prescribe and provide such other information as the commission reasonably may require. Any records, reports or information obtained under this chapter shall be available to the public; except, that upon a showing satisfactory to the commission by any person that records, reports or information, or a particular part thereof, other than effluent data to which the commission has access under this chapter, if made public, would divulge production or sales figures or methods, processes or production unique to such person or would otherwise tend to affect adversely the competitive position of such person by revealing trade secrets, the commission shall consider such record, report or information, or particular portion thereof, confidential in the administration of this chapter. Nothing in this

subsection shall be construed to prevent disclosure of such report, record or information to federal or state representatives as necessary for purposes of administration of any federal or state water quality control laws or when relevant in any proceeding under this chapter. Any member of the commission or its employees or agents, without advance notice and upon presentation of appropriate credentials, may enter any property or any industrial or other establishment at any reasonable time for the purpose of collecting such information, and no owner or official in charge shall refuse to admit such member, employee or agent for any purposes necessary to the discharge of his official duty. Any records, reports or information obtained by any member, employee or agent of the commission from any person shall be subject to the provisions of this subsection concerning confidentiality.
 

(d) It shall be the further duty of the commission to extend its cooperation and to advise industries and municipalities relative to the control of waste and other deleterious matter of pollutive nature and to make available to industries and municipalities the benefits of its studies and findings.
 

(e) It shall be the duty of the commission to exercise general supervision over the administration and enforcement of all laws relating to pollution of the waters of the state. Whenever the commission determines that any person is violating, or is about to violate, any of the provisions of this chapter, or any rule or regulation or order or permit of the commission promulgated thereunder, the commission may notify such person of such determination of the commission.

The notice may be served by registered or certified mail or by an officer empowered to serve process under existing laws or by an officer or agent of the commission. Within such time as may be specified in such notice, such person shall file with the commission a full report showing steps that have been taken and are being taken to control such discharge or pollution. Thereupon, the commission may make such orders as in its opinion are deemed reasonable.
 

(f) It shall be the duty of the commission, after notice as provided in this subsection and after consideration of the purpose of this chapter, to establish such standards of quality for any waters in relation to their reasonable and necessary use as shall be in the public interest, recognizing that, because of variable factors and varied use of waters, no single standard of treatment and no single standard of quality are practical and that the degree of treatment of pollutants and other wastes must take into account the present and future uses, and such general policies relating to existing or proposed future pollution as it shall deem necessary to accomplish the purposes of this chapter and to modify, amend or cancel the same. Any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding, the quality of pollution existing in an effluent at any time shall be subject to the control of the commission if it creates a health hazard. Prior to establishing standards as provided in this subsection, the commission shall cause to be published in a newspaper of general circulation in each county within which any such waters, wholly or partially, are located, a notice in substantially the following form:
 

NOTICE

Of Water Improvement Commission

Notice is hereby given that a hearing before the Water Improvement Commission of the State of Alabama will be held on the ....... day of ............, 19 ....., at ............ for the purpose of establishing

standards of quality in those certain waters in the county or counties of ................, Alabama, described as follows (Describe Waters) ...................... Anyone desiring to be heard may appear at said meeting.

Water Improvement Commission

By:..................................

Director
 

Such notice shall be published at least 45 days prior to the holding of any hearing of the commission for consideration of such standards; provided, that in any county where no such newspaper is available for publishing said notice, the prescribed notice shall be posted at the county courthouse of said county at least 45 days prior to holding of any such hearing of the commission. Any hearing required by this subsection may be conducted by a hearing officer appointed by the commission.
 

(g) It shall be the duty of the commission to receive and examine applications, plans, specifications and other data and to issue permits for the discharge of pollutants, industrial wastes entering directly or through a municipal or private treatment facility and other wastes into the waters of the state, stipulating in each permit the conditions under which such discharge may be permitted.
 

(h) It shall be the duty of the commission, and it shall have the authority, to adopt rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of this chapter and to accomplish the purpose of this chapter.
 

(i) (1) It shall be the duty of the commission to issue, modify or revoke orders:
 

a. Prohibiting or abating discharges of pollutants or other wastes directly or indirectly, into the waters of the state; and

b. Requiring the construction of new treatment or disposal systems, or any parts thereof, or the modification, extension or alteration of existing treatment or disposal systems, or any parts thereof or the adoption of other remedial measures to prevent, control or abate pollution.
 

(2) It shall be the duty of the commission to issue, continue in effect, revoke, modify or deny, under such conditions as it may prescribe, to prevent, control or abate pollution, permits for the discharge of pollutants or other wastes into the waters of the state and for the installation, modification or operation of treatment or disposal systems or any parts thereof.
 

(3) Every person, prior to discharging any new or increased pollution into any waters of this state, shall apply to the commission in writing for a permit and must obtain such permit before discharging such pollution.
 

(4) Any and all pollution is hereby declared to be a public nuisance and, if it creates, or is about to create, a health hazard, shall be subject to immediate control of the commission by order or injunction. Any order issued under this subsection shall be deemed to be final and conclusive for the

purposes of this chapter.
 

(j) The commission may enter into agreement with the responsible authorities of the federal government and of other states, subject to the approval of the Governor, relative to policies, methods, means and procedures to be employed to control pollution of any interstate waters and to carry out such agreements by procedures provided for in this chapter. This power shall not be deemed to extend to the modification of any agreement with any other state concluded by direct legislative act, but, unless otherwise expressly provided, the commission shall be the agency for the administration and enforcement of any such legislative agreement.
 

(k) Whenever the commission has cause to believe that any person is violating any permit, order or rule or regulation promulgated by the commission, the commission shall cause a prompt investigation to be made in connection therewith. If, upon inspection, the commission discovers a condition which is in violation of the provisions of this chapter, or any permit, order or rule or regulation promulgated pursuant thereto, it shall be authorized to order such violation to cease and to take such steps necessary to enforce such an order. The said order shall state the items which are in violation and shall provide a reasonable specified time within which the violation must cease. The person responsible shall make the corrections necessary to comply with the requirements of this chapter, permit, order or rule or regulation promulgated pursuant thereto, within the time specified in the order. Nothing in this subsection shall be deemed to prevent the commission or the Attorney General from prosecuting any violation of this chapter, or any permit, order or rule or regulation promulgated pursuant thereto, notwithstanding that such violation is corrected in accordance with any order.
 

( l ) Any duly designated employee of the commission may administer oaths to witnesses and may conduct hearings or investigations, and any such duly designated employee of the commission may sign and issue subpoenas requiring persons to appear before him or the commission to give testimony and requiring the production of any papers, books, accounts, payrolls, documents or records, and the commission, through its designated officers, shall have the power to serve said subpoenas upon any such person by sending a copy of such subpoena through the United States mail, postage prepaid, which said mail shall be registered or certified with return receipt attached, and such service shall be complete when said registered or certified mail shall be delivered to said person and such receipt returned to the commission, or its designated employee, signed by the person sought to be subpoenaed. Obedience to a subpoena issued by the commission or any person authorized and designated by the commission to issue said subpoena may be enforced by application to any judge of the circuit court of the county in which said subpoena was issued or to the judge of any circuit court in which such person subpoenaed resides in the same manner as is provided by law for the grand jury of a county to enforce its subpoenas and with the same penalty as provided therefor for the failure of any person failing or refusing to comply with such subpoena.
 

(m) The commission, the Attorney General or any district attorney may commence a civil action for damages for pollution of the waters of the state including, but not limited to, any reasonable costs to prevent, minimize or clean up any damage resulting from pollution resulting from the wrongful act, omission or negligence of a person. Such civil actions may be filed in the name of the state by the commission or the Attorney General in the county or counties where pollution occurs or in which the defendant resides or does business. Both punitive and compensatory damages may be recovered in a case where pollution resulted from willful or wanton conduct on the part of the defendant; compensatory damages alone may be awarded when the pollution is caused by a negligent act or omission. Should a verdict for damages be obtained in any such action, the court shall also assess and tax as costs against the defendant all reasonable costs incurred by the particular department or agency which investigated the pollution in such action. Such costs, as testified to by sworn affidavit, shall be paid over by the court to that department or agency which performed the investigation.
 

(n) Any person who violates any of the provisions of, or fails to perform any duty imposed by, this chapter, or any permit or regulation issued under this chapter, or who violates any order or determination of the commission promulgated pursuant to this chapter and causes the death of fish or other wildlife shall, in addition to the penalties and remedies provided in subdivision (18) of Section 22-22A-5 and subsection (m) of this section, be liable to pay to the state an additional amount equal to the sum of money reasonably necessary to restock such waters or replenish such wildlife, as determined by the commission after consultation with the Game and Fish Division or the Marine Resources Division of the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources or any other governmental agency. Such sums as may thus be recovered, including punitive damages, if any, shall be credited, regardless of who instituted such action, to the game and fish and/or seafood fund as the Commissioner of Conservation and Natural Resources may determine. If the pollution has caused damage to fish and/or other wildlife in excess of $5,000.00, as determined by the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources or any other governmental agency, and testified to by sworn affidavit, the damage shall be presumed to have been the direct and proximate result of negligence of the person shown to be responsible for such pollution, and the burden shall then be upon such person to prove freedom of negligence in causing the pollution in such cases.
 

(o) Nothing contained or authorized in this chapter and no civil action by the commission, or the Attorney General or any district attorney, as provided for in this section, shall be construed to impair, or abridge or abrogate any cause of action which any person or class of persons may have by any other statutory or case law for the alleviation, abatement, control or prevention of pollution or for the restitution for damages resulting therefrom. Nor shall any provision of this chapter be construed so as to create a new cause or causes of action with reference to this subsection.

University of Mississippi